Dr. Hinduja and Dr. Patchin continuously seek to contribute to the knowledgebase concerning cyberbullying and adolescent use and mis-use of technology. Below is a summary of many of the publications they have produced in recent years. If you have trouble accessing any of the information below, feel free to contact them and electronic copies of reprints of articles or fact sheets can usually be provided. |
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| BOOK | |
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Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Focusing on how technology can facilitate or magnify traditional forms of peer harassment, "Bullying beyond the Schoolyard" paints a vivid picture of online aggression among adolescents by recounting the stories of victims, summarizing current research, and reviewing recent legal rulings. This groundbreaking book also provides proactive prevention and intervention strategies to equip parents, educators, counselors, law enforcement, and other youth-serving adults with the tools necessary to protect students from the negative effects of cyberbullying. Finally, it includes many special features, such as questions for reflection after each chapter, numerous illustrations, and reproducible resource documents to further educate those involved. According to InsideTheSchool.com: “Readers will walk away with enough background knowledge and practical advice to be the cyberbullying authority in their school.” Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2009). Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. |
| JOURNAL ARTICLES | |
coming soon! |
Traditional and Nontraditional Bullying among Youth: Bullying at school is a common problem facing youth, school officials, and parents. A significant body of research has detailed the serious consequences associated with bullying victimization. Recently, however, a new permutation of bullying has arisen and arguably become even more problematic. Cyberbullying, as it has been termed, occurs when youth use technology as a tool or instrument to bully their peers - via email, in chat rooms, on social networking Web sites, and with text messaging through their computer or cell phone. The current study seeks to shed light on the potential causes of both variants of adolescent aggression by employing the arguments of Agnew’s (1992) General Strain Theory. Results suggest that those who experience strain are more likely to participate in both traditional and nontraditional forms of bullying. Implications of these findings and suggestions for further research in this growing area of study are also discussed. Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (in press). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: A test of general strain theory. Forthcoming in Youth and Society. |
coming soon! |
Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Suicide Empirical studies and some high-profile anecdotal cases have demonstrated a link between suicidal ideation and experiences with bullying victimization or offending. The current study examines the extent to which a nontraditional form of peer aggression – cyberbullying – is also related to suicidal ideation among adolescents. Among a random sample of approximately 2,000 middle-schoolers, youth who experienced traditional bullying or cyberbullying, as either an offender or a victim, had more suicidal thoughts and were more likely to attempt suicide than those who had not experienced such forms of peer aggression. Also, victimization was more strongly related to suicidal thoughts and behaviors than offending. The findings provide further evidence that adolescent peer aggression must be taken seriously both at school and at home, and suggest that a suicide prevention and intervention component is essential within comprehensive bullying response programs implemented in schools. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (in press). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Forthcoming in Archives of Suicide Research. |
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Trends in Online Social Networking: MySpace has received a significant amount of negative attention from the media and many concerned adults, who point to several isolated incidents where predators have contacted, become involved with and even assaulted adolescents whom they met through the popular social networking web site. Furthermore, concerned parents have expressed discontent with the amount and type of personal and private information youth seem to reveal on their profile pages. In 2006, the authors performed an extensive content analysis of approximately 2423 randomly sampled adolescent MySpace profiles, and found that the vast majority of youth were making responsible choices with the information they shared online. In this follow-up study, the authors revisited the profiles one year later to examine the extent to which the content had changed. Though exceptions occur, youth are increasingly exercising discretion in posting personal information on MySpace and more youth are limiting access to their profile. Moreover, a significant number of youth appear to be abandoning their profiles or MySpace altogether. Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (in press). Trends in Online Social Networking: Youth Use of MySpace over Time. Forthcoming in New Media & Society. |
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Cyberbullying:
An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization Victimization on the Internet through what has been termed cyberbullying has attracted increased attention from scholars and practitioners. Defined as “willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text” (Patchin & Hinduja, 2006), this negative experience not only undermines a youth’s freedom to use and explore valuable online resources, but also can result in severe functional and physical ramifications. Research involving the specific phenomenon - as well as Internet harassment in general - is still in its infancy, and the current work seeks to serve as a foundational piece in understanding its substance and salience. Online survey data from 1,378 adolescent Internet-users are analyzed for the purposes of identifying characteristics of typical cyberbullying victims and offenders. While gender and race did not significantly differentiate respondent victimization or offending, computer proficiency and time spent online were positively related to both cyberbullying victimization and offending. Additionally, cyberbullying experiences were also linked to respondents who reported school problems (including traditional bullying), assaultive behavior, and substance use. Implications for addressing this novel form of youthful deviance are discussed. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29(2), 1-29 |
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Personal Information of Adolescents on the Internet: Many youth have recently embraced online social networking sites such as MySpace (myspace.com) to meet their social and relational needs. While manifold benefits stem from participating in such web-based environments, the popular media has been quick to demonize MySpace even though an exponentially small proportion of its users have been victimized due to irresponsible or naïve usage of the technology it affords. Major concerns revolve around the possibility of sexual predators and pedophiles finding and then assaulting adolescents who carelessly or unwittingly reveal identifiable information on their personal profile pages. The current study sought to empirically ascertain the type of information youth are publicly posting through an extensive content analysis of randomly sampled MySpace profile pages. Among other findings, 8.8% revealed their full name, 57% included a picture, 27.8% listed their school, and 0.3% provided their telephone number. When considered in its proper context, these results indicate that the problem of personal information disclosure on MySpace may not be as widespread as many assume, and that the overwhelming majority of adolescents are responsibly using the web site. Implications for Internet safety among adolescents and future research regarding adolescent Internet use are discussed. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Personal information of adolescents on the Internet: A quantitative content analysis of MySpace. Journal of Adolescence, 31(1), 125-146. |
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Offline Consequences of Online Victimization: As increasing numbers of youth embrace computer-mediated communication to meet academic and social needs, interpersonal violence directly and indirectly related to the Internet is occurring more often. Cyberbullying in particular has shot to the forefront of agendas in schools and communities due to the emotional, psychological, and even physical harm to which victims can be subjected. While previous studies have focused on describing its frequency in an exploratory capacity, the current work seeks to utilize general strain theory to identify the emotional and behavioral effects of cyberbullying victimization. Data collected online from a sample of adolescent Internet-users indicate that cyberbullying is a potent form of strain that may be related to involvement in school problems and delinquent behavior offline. Implications of these findings and suggestions for policy are discussed. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. (2007). Offline consequences of online victimization: School violence and delinquency. Journal of School Violence, 6(3), 89-112 |
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Bullies Move beyond the Schoolyard: Bullying in a school setting is an important social concern that has received increased scholarly attention in recent years. Specifically, its causes and effects have been under investigation by a number of researchers in the social and behavioral sciences. A new permutation of bullying, however, has recently arisen and become common: tech-savvy students are turning to cyberspace to harass their peers. Whereas youth who are bullied at school can extricate themselves from unpleasant situations when they go home for the day, a child is potentially vulnerable to mistreatement through electronic means around the clock. Furthermore, the negative psychological, emotional, and social consequences can leave scars that persist for years, if not for a lifetime. This exploratory paper will discuss the nature of bullying and its transmutation to the electronic world, as well as the negative repercussions that can befall both its victims and instigators. Additionally, findings are reported from a pilot study designed to empirically assess the nature and extent of online bullying. The overall goal of the current work is to illuminate this novel form of deviance stemming from the intersection of communications and computers, and to provide a foundational backdrop upon which future empirical research can be conducted. Patchin, J. W. and Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169 |
| BOOK CHAPTERS | |
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Traditional and Nontraditional Bullying among Youth: Growing public awareness of electronic bullying and harassment among adolescents suggests the need to empirically investigate this increasingly common and problematic behavior. Although studies of cyberbullying and online harassment among young people are nascent, preliminary findings suggest that victimization can undermine the freedom of youth to use and explore valuable online resources, and may have negative emotional and physical consequences as well. This study presents both quantitative and qualitative data from an online survey of approximately 3,000 Internet-using adolescent girls to learn more about their experiences as victims of cyberbullying and online harassment. Though the results are exploratory and largely descriptive, this study helps broaden our understanding of the victimization experiences of adolescent girls in cyberspace. Burgess-Proctor, A., Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2009). Cyberbullying and online harassment: Reconceptualizing the victimization of adolescent girls (p. 162-176). In V. Garcia and J. Clifford (Eds.). Female Crime Victims: Reality Reconsidered. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. |
| RESEARCH SUMMARIES AND FACT SHEETS | |
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Cyberbullying Research Summary: This Research Summary explores the relationship bewtween cyberbullying and suicidial ideation. Results suggest that victims of cyberbullying and those who cyberbully are at an elevated risk for suicidal thoughts and attempts. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. (2009). Cyberbullying research summary: |
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Cyberbullying Fact Sheet: This Fact Sheet introduces and details the nature and extent of cyberbullying, the contributive nuances of Internet communication, and provides general advice to respond to the problem. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. (2009). Cyberbullying fact sheet: |
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Cyberbullying Research Summary: This Research Summary specifies how adolescents are negatively affected by cyberbullying by highlighting how online aggression leads to adolescent strain and stress, which then can create developmental and functional concerns. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. (2009). Cyberbullying research summary: |
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Cyberbullying Research Summary: This Research Summary highlights the specific cyberbullying experiences of teenaged girls through the content analysis of detailed responses received from victims. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. (2009). Cyberbullying research summary: |
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Cyberbullying Fact Sheet: This Fact Sheet provides a summary of important court cases and pending legislation that can help school districts evaluate and improve their current cyberbullying policies. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. (2009). Cyberbullying fact sheet: |
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Cyberbullying Research Summary: This Research Summary summarizes the changes that are occurring related to youth use of MySpace across multiple years. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. (2009). Cyberbullying research summary: |
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Cyberbullying Research Summary: This Research Summary summarizes our MySpace research concerning the extent to which adolescents post personal information on their profile pages. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. (2009). Cyberbullying research summary: |
